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War and the psychoanalytic movement

Psychoanalysis was born in the transition from the nineteenth and twentieth century as a movement strongly affecting all sectors and cosmopolitan culture.
War of 1915-18 came as a deep break and brings with it the return (regression), in the words of Freud, to feelings of nationalist hatred simply unimaginable at the beginning of the century. Freud himself, as his biographers have pointed out, would not be totally immune from a fall, albeit fleeting, to a certain nationalism that is as far from his intellectual formation. Ernest Jones
You remember the burst of patriotic enthusiasm of Freud to the news of the beginning of hostilities (E. Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, vol. 2, Milan, Basic Books, 1962, p. 215). Enthusiasm is intended to diminish very quickly, and become the subject of Freud's own reflection on the limits of our intellect. Just investigating the reaction of the intellectuals before the war, Freud speaks of the human intellect as an "instrument of our instincts and our loved ones" (Letter to the Dutch psychiatrist F. van Eeden, 17.01.1915, OSF 8, p . 117). Freud is confronted with war, from 1915 forward by opening the door to a whole series of writings on aggression, self-destruction and the death instinct in humans.


Understand the war

In the first article after the outbreak of Freud war, conceived in the spring of 1915, The Thoughts on war and death, deals with the theme of "disappointment." There are two factors that determine the sudden disappointment to Freud: 1) states that represent us have nothing moral in their behavior.
2) individuals have returned to a mutual brutality that was considered unthinkable in an advanced civilization (OSF 8, p. 128).
disappointment and bewilderment, then, because in neither one nor the other of us can now recognize. But here shall be the intellectual contribution psychoanalytic investigation. It has taught us that 'instinctual movements originating', are never eradicated in humans humans. Such motions can make a transformative work - inhibition, SD, repression, sublimation - where the final outcome, however, remains fragile and exposed to sudden regressions, because of the nature of plastic (OSF 8, p. 133) of human mental life. The regression, however, is the feature that day is celebrated in the dream life where, as in war, his mind retires every day clothes to express his return to an undisturbed oldest stage of psychic life .. Thrown into this bridge between the madness of war and the micro-madness of everyday dream life, at least we can understand on a deep war, as a phenomenon, unfortunately, not at all alien to our psyche.
Psychoanalysis certainly can not defeat the innate aggression but may help us understand and address it in a conscious way to the environment in a non-destructive. The modification of the destructive impulses is the work of the convergence of two factors: one inside and another outside. II internal factor is the influence that the death instinct has eroticism, that is the instinct of life which can transform it into social impulses. The external factor, however, is that of education, which embodies the civil claims of the environment and whose work is then continued from the direct influence of this. The external coercion, that education environment on people, then produces a further transformation of the instinctual life to good, a conversion from selfishness to altruism.


of
Dario Lapenta


Sources:
A. Oliverio Ferraris, A. Oliverio, Psychological, the motives of human behavior, Zanichelli